Enron Scandal - 2929 Words

CILM Book Review 0834172 IB3A20 Critical Issues in Law and Management Book Review Enron, Titanic and The Perfect Storm - Nancy B. Rapoport Student No: 0834172 Word Count: 1500 1 CILM Book Review 0834172 Two years after Enron filed for bankruptcy in 2001, Nancy b. Rapoport wrote this essay expressing her unique perspective on the real cause of Enron’s demise. This essay catches the reader’s attention instantly, because unlike abundant other articles written on the biggest corporate scandal in American history, the author here rejects Jeff Skilling’s (former president of Enron) argument1 of what brought about Enron’s downfall. She instead uses another metaphor, arguing that Enron’s downfall was more like Titanic’s-†¦show more content†¦I would go a step further to say that it seems like the author has taken the metaphors a bit too seriously and would agree with Mark’s comment in ‘Lawyers in the Perfect Storm3’ that ‘’her insistence on comparison of the Enron scandal to the tragicomedy of human errors in the sinking of the Titanic underestimates the importance of the systemic failures that allowed the m align leadership of Enron to produce such an enormous disaster.’’ Nevertheless, she develops her further argument well as she explores the inextricable link between Character and Leadership. She elaborates on the inevitable failure of character in Enron leaders to resist illegal deals when the supervisors of those leaders were also engaging in side deals (pg 209). Her close attention to the underlying conflict of human traits and situations, aggravated by the magnitude of profits offered by the Enron culture justifies her statement, ‘why it must have taken significant strength of character to resist getting on that gravy train’ (pg 210). 3 Sergeant, M, .2003. Lawyers in the Perfect Storm, Washburn Law Journal,. pg 3 4 CILM Book Review 0834172 Moreover, the author does not merely conclude her argument, rather deals well with counter evidence as she considers the few people that did resist and play the role of whistle blowers. Her point that ‘most whistle blowers at Enron were suppressed with downright abuseShow MoreRelatedThe Enron Scandal854 Words   |  4 PagesThe Enron Scandal Background Enron Corporation was an American energy, commodities, and services company based in Houston, Texas. Before its bankruptcy on December 2, 2001, Enron employed approximately 20,000 staff and was one of the world s leading electricity, natural gas, communications, and pulp and paper companies, with claimed revenues of nearly $101 billion in 2000.[1] Fortune named Enron America s Most Innovative Company for six consecutive years. At the end of 2001, it was revealedRead MoreEnron Scandal9449 Words   |  38 PagesThe Enron scandal, revealed in October 2001, eventually led to the bankruptcy of the Enron Corporation, an American energy company based in Houston, Texas, and the de facto dissolution of Arthur Andersen, which was one of the five largest audit and accountancy partnerships in the world. In addition to being the largest bankruptcy reorganization in American history at that time, Enron was attributed as the biggest audit failure.[1] Enron was formed in 1985 by Kenneth Lay after merging Houston NaturalRead MoreEnron And The Enron Scandal847 Words   |  4 PagesThe Enron scandal, discovered in October 2001, eventually led to the bankruptcy of the Enron Corporation, an American energy company based mostly in Houston, Texas, and also the dissolution of Arthur Andersen, that was one amongst the 5 largest audit and accounting partnerships within the world. Additionally, to being the most important bankruptcy reorganization in American history at that point, Enron without doubt is the biggest audit failure. it s ever the foremost notable company within theRead MoreThe Enron Scandal Of A Company1193 Words   |  5 Pageswell. What if this company falsifies their records and in a couple of days the company and its stock value go from $90 per share to just a penny per share. You lose your money just because a company cheated and stole your money. This is what the Enron scandal did to thousands of people. It could have been stopped if more forensic accountants in the world are checking on the companies. This way they don’t lie about their stock value. Forensic accountants are in charge of checking business financial recordsRead MoreEnron Scandal1844 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿THE ENRON SCANDAL FACTS OF THE CASE Enron Corporation was an American energy, commodities, and services company based in Houston, Texas. Enron s predecessor was the Northern Natural Gas Company, which was formed during 1932, in Omaha, Nebraska. It was reorganized during 1979 as the main subsidiary of a holding company, Inter-North which was a diversified energy and energy related products company. During 1985, it bought the smaller and less diversified Houston Natural Gas company. EmployedRead MoreEnron And The Enron Scandal1387 Words   |  6 PagesEnron, The Shadiest Guys In the Room When you ask young people about the Enron scandal today, most of them have not even heard of it. The fact of the matter is, it is very relevant to young professionals today. Enron is the most recent story of classic Wall Street greed and fraud. However it is still argued today by different stakeholders who are is responsible. This essay will take the viewpoint from multiple stakeholders to use the Enron Scandal as an example to further explain American corporateRead MoreEnron Scandal1477 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Current issue: Scandals in auditing Enron Scandal 1. Introduction Accounting scandals are political or business scandals which arise with the disclosure of financial misdeeds by trusted executives of corporations or governments. These days, not too often, these scandals are splashed as headlines across media. Why? Because there are complex groups of stakeholders who might be seriously affected by the scandals. Enron scam was the most remarkable scandal in 20 centuries by their institutionalizedRead MoreThe Enron Corporation Scandal 1791 Words   |  7 PagesIDENTIFY THE ACCOUNTING PRACTICES THAT WERE ASSOCIATED WITH THE ACCOUNTING SCANDAL. The Enron Corporation failures made world headlines for many reasons ranging from greed from its executives, the alleged malpractice and criminal behaviours, and its quick and disastrous collapse. The most critical factor in Enron’s melt down was the use of creative and manipulative accounting practices to distort reported proï ¬ tability and indebtedness that befell the corporation (A. Holt and T. Eccles, 2002) TheRead MoreEnron Scandal Of Enron Corporation Essay1145 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Enron scandal which aroused in 2001 was one of the most famous events in the area of fraud audit. As the auditor company of Enron, Arthur Andersen failed to prepare true and fair auditing reports. They both suffered lethal loss at that time. The following paragraphs will discuss this fraud event, including the organization history, the organization’s event, the fraud issue in the event, the consequence of the main stakeholders, auditors in the event and their roles, and the current situationRead MoreThe Enron Scandal Essay619 Words   |  3 PagesThe Enron Scandal In a front-page article with no less than four by-lines (7/03, Enron Triggers a Slew of Proposed Fixes But What Will Stick? by Steve Liesman et al.), The Wall Street Journal reports, As more than 10 congressional committees pursue inquiries, 32 Enron-related bills have been introduced to address ills ranging from auditor conflicts of interest to the scams of an unregulated derivatives market. The Securities and Exchange Commission pledges to reform accounting rules, get

Annotated Bibliography On Hierarchical Database - 902 Words

Hierarchical Database Kind of database model which is designed in a hierarchy completely access to data beginning at the highest of hierarchical then changes to down such as customer to order. Also this system relation records together same a family tree that each record has just one owner. The hierarchical typical structure has levels which shows one –to – many also relationship between a parent and children divisions. The main key this models which following by each parent can have many children as well each child has simply one parent. This models most common if you compared with network and relational database because can be manage by huge amounts of data for difficult projects. Advantages †¢ Speed very efficiency †¢ Data independence †¢ Database integrity which link between child and parent †¢ Data is simplicity †¢ Very easy to add and delete record †¢ Database pretend a different form environment †¢ Easy to create a large installed Disadvantages †¢ Implement very complex †¢ Implementation limitations †¢ Lack of standards †¢ Program design complexity †¢ Difficult to manage insert, delete and update †¢ Practical access language †¢ Create record must user start at the root †¢ Data redundancy †¢ Create database before the programs must be define Network Database A kind of database organisation system that every record style can have many owner .As well as this model allows for data relationships many way, for instance order are owned by customers and goods. TheShow MoreRelatedAnnotated Bibliography On Hierarchical Database3640 Words   |  15 PagesHierarchical Database Kind of database model which is designed in a hierarchy completely access to data beginning at the highest of hierarchical then changes to down such as customer to order. Also this system relation records together same a family tree that each record has just one owner. The hierarchical typical structure has levels which shows one –to – many also relationship between a parent and children divisions. The main key this models which following by each parent can have many childrenRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Hierarchical Database3450 Words   |  14 PagesHierarchical Database It is a kind of database model which is designed in a hierarchy completely access to data beginning at the highest of hierarchical then changes to down such as customer to order. The hierarchical typical structure has levels which shows one –to – many also relationship between a parent and children divisions. The main key this models which following by each parent can have many children as well each child has simply one parent. This model is most common if it is comparedRead MoreAn Examination On Criteria Of Enterprise System Security3105 Words   |  13 Pagesefficiency levels all through the workforce On the other hand, the same number of undertakings are finding, BYOD presents a slate of new security challenges into the association. At the point when representatives unite with organization servers and databases with gadgets that are past the immediate control of the association s IT office, it inescapably hoists the association s danger profile and the volume of unapproved interruption endeavours. For most undertakings, the right arrangement isn t toRead MoreMastering Graduate Studies 1e32499 Words   |  130 Pagescan locate millions of articles using the databases on the library’s website. To become proficient at research, you need to have an understanding of the library databases and how they work. A database is a comprehensive collection of related data organized for convenient access, generally in a computer. The library databases include millions of citations and full-text journal articles, all searchable with keywords. Some multidisciplinary library databases that cover multiple subject areas includeRead MoreDatabase Security28570 Words   |  115 Pages- 1 - Database Security *) GÃÅ"NTHER PERNUL Institut fà ¼r Angewandte Informatik und Informationssysteme Abteilung fà ¼r Information Engineering Università ¤t Wien Vienna, Austria 1. Introduction 1.1 The Relational Data Model Revisited 1.2 The Vocabulary of Security and Major DB Security Threats 2. Database Security Models 2.1 Discretionary Security Models 2.2 Mandatory Security Models 2.3 Adapted Mandatory Access Control Model 2.4 Personal Knowledge Approach 2.5 Clark and Wilson Model 2Read MoreManaging and Organizing for Innovation in Service Firms a Literature Review with Annotated Bibliography30787 Words   |  124 Pagesv i n n o va r e p o r t vr 2009:06 managing and organizing for innovation in service firms A literature review with annotated bibliography annika schilling andreas Werr stockholm school of economics Title: Managing and Organizing for Innovation in Service Firms. A literature review with annotated bibliography Author: Annika Schilling Andreas Werr - Stockholm School of Economics Series: VINNOVA Report VR 2009:06 ISBN: 978-91-85959-47-1 ISSN: 1650-3104 Published: Februari 2009 Publisher:Read MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pagesimportant to remember that they are carried out simultaneously and concurrently. The actual operation of a library or information center follows no precise linear pattern. Most managerial functions progress simultaneously; they do not exist in a hierarchical relationship. For instance, budgeting is not likely to be reflective of the enterprise’s success without some measure of planning in which goals and objectives are established. Therefore, management cannot be viewed as a rigid system, and the conceptsRead MoreThe Essentials of Project Management65719 Words   |  263 Pagesmodifications 12 Managing progress Project progressingas a closed loop control system Progress monitoring and schedule updating - When the news is bad - Corrective measures - Progress meetings - Project progress reports - Project closure 225 Select bibliography Index List of figures The essential processesof project management The process of project definition Part of a project definition checklist A functional matrix for a single project i a n manufacturingcompany Matrix organization for severalRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesa registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York ß Oxford University Press 2006 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of OxfordRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 Pageson a common theme. The articles include full-text Harvard Business Review articles plus a summary of key ideas an d company examples to help busy managers quickly absorb and apply the concepts. Each OnPoint enhanced article also includes an annotated bibliography. ORDER BACK ISSUES TODAY www.onpointhbr.org Harvard Business Review OnPoint Executive Edition is published quarterly and available only at select newsstands and on our website. It is not available by subscription. WWW.ONPOINTHBR.ORG

Lead And Manage Effective Workplace †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Lead And Manage Effective Workplace Relationship. Answer: Role-Play Oliver (Manager for Retail) - Good Morning, I have known you for sometime therefore I believe you can understand my problems and anger, the employees are not doing their job properly and to my knowledge they are not even well trained. Lucas (HR Business Partner) - You look very angry, first you need to calm down. I can understand that this problem is very important to you and you are disturbed because of it. Oliver (Manager for Retail) Yes I will calm down, but first they should learn how to behave and do their work properly. Further I am concerned about the business structure and henceforth I believe that we should recruit people who are well aware of their job. Lucas (HR Business Partner) See right now you are so angry that you want a solution right now, but these things do not work like this. I understand that the problem is big but in order to get a proper solution, I have to talk to my seniors and several board members needs to be addressed. Oliver (Manager for Retail) Fine, but the employees should be trained properly otherwise it is impossible to work with them. Lucas (HR Business Partner) Of, course action will be taken, I will take this problem with the board members and I will tell them about this entire problem that you are talking about and try and make some changes in the stricture of the business. I am glad that you spoke up. Oliver (Manager for Retail) Lucas (HR Business Partner to Rentals manager) - Good morning Sir, I guess you already know why am I here. There have been problems within the employees which I believe need immediate attention of ours. They are claiming that the employees are not well paid and also not well aware of their work. They are turning against each other so we have to put a new organizational program and set some kind of rules and activity to make it stop. James (Retail Manager) So what exactly is your plan. How exactly do you think you will proceed? Lucas (HR Business Partner) As you can see our company is trying to get overseas suppliers, this will help the company to expand and can give a good competition to their competitors. Over the last five years the growth rate of sales has been 10% per year. The rental market has been turned down due to the reduced cost in these vehicles and also because of some taxation. I believe we have to come up with a new strategic plan and in order to prevent further dispute. There should be a communication program which will help people to tell their problems and communicate with each other. James (Retail Manager) I agree, well we can proceed with this plan for now but hearing the problems, it can build up to a huge disaster, ending up in strikes as well mass resignation. Therefore we have to hold meetings both with the board members as well as with the staffs and employees. What do you say? Lucas (HR Business Partner) Yes I completely agree with that, in order to improve both the internal and external factors of the company, I believe we have to take up actions, even we can start a leadership program so that there can be an improvement in the behavior of the people. James (Retail Manager) But why do you think all this disputes are happening, what is the reason behind this chaos? Lucas (HR Business Partner) There can be a lot of issues here, first somehow they got to know that the other companies are paying better for the work they are doing here. So there is a need of increasing the salary otherwise we might just lose our employees. Secondly, it is possible that there can be a problem regarding the understanding of the job, it might happen that there are employees who are good at their work on the other hand there are se who are average or weak, this might bring down the performance of the good employees as well, that causes the grievance In that case I believe there should be program from where we can select the employees who are good at their job and ask him to help or direct the ones who are falling back, in this way the employees will get a help from each other and it will also give a sense of responsibility for each one of them. James (Retail Manager) So what programs and necessary changes do you think we should start immediately? About increasing the salary there can be a problem regarding that as I have to speak with the board of members. The increment of salary depends on the production of work, if they continue to create unnecessary dispute among themselves then I do not see that there is any reason to increase their salary, so I am not supporting that cause. Lucas (HR Business Partner) Fine, but we have to understand that if employees start resigning, especially the old employees, then it will put a bad reputation on our company, I understand what you are saying, therefore we will held those meetings and in fact after taking all those new actions, and creating a leader, we can tell them that if they prove to give a good sales rate that we will observe in the next 2 months then there is a probability of good service and even improvement in the behavior. The meetings should be held as quickly as possible and the leadership program should start as soon as possible. James (Retail Manager) Okay, this idea is justifiable and can be considered. We can start taking steps in order to improve both the internal and external environment of the company. If this brings positivity in the company and keep the company in profit then of course this will be taken into consideration. Lucas (HR Business Partner) Thank you, for accepting my proposal. References Buller, P. F., Finkle, T. A. (2013). The Hogan entrepreneurial leadership program: an innovative model of entrepreneurship education.Journal of Entrepreneurship Education,16, 113. Dash, M., Bakshi, S., Chugh, A. (2017). The Relationship Between Work Experience and Employee Compensation: A Case Study of the Indian IT Industry.Journal of Applied Management and Investments,6(1), 5-10. Davis, R., Franks, D. M. (2014). Costs of company-community conflict in the extractive sector.Corporate Social Responsibility Initiative Report. Harvard Kennedy School, Cambridge, USA. DeMarr, B. J., De Janasz, S. C. (2013).Negotiation and dispute resolution. Prentice Hall. Johnson, C. E. (2017).Meeting the ethical challenges of leadership: Casting light or shadow. Sage Publications. Latha, K. L. (2013). A study on employee attrition and retention in manufacturing industries.BVIMSRs Journal of Management Research (BJMR),5(1), 1-23. Martin, A. W., Dixon, M., Nau, M. (2017). Coalitions and the Bottom Line: Strikes, Allies, and Company Stock Returns.Social Currents,4(4), 322-341. Northouse, P. G. (2015).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications.

Control Mechanisms and Performance Measurement Standards of PGB Essay Sample free essay sample

Control mechanisms and public presentation measuring criterionsa ) Control mechanismsControl mechanisms can be defined as optical. mechanical. or electronic systems that are used in order to pull off and command variables in a desirable manner. The maps of control mechanisms by and large can be categorized into planning. taking. forming and commanding. Control mechanisms play an of import function in every organisation particularly in heightening the predictability of an organisation. In PGB. acceptance of Corporate Financial Policy ( CFP ) has been approved by Board with the chief intent of pull offing fiscal hazard exposures of PGB which includes liquidness hazard. foreign exchange hazard. and counterparty hazard. The diagram above is demoing that the in PGB. Risk Management Department ( RMD ) is required to describe updates on a regular basis to the PGB Management Committee ( MC ) and it will be farther transferred to Board Audit Committee ( BAC ) in the signifier of the quarterly Enterprise Risk Report ( ERR ) . In ERR. it chiefly includes the overall PGB’s hazard profile and position of hazard extenuation execution. Furthermore. PGB INTERISK system will enter all the updates such as hazard extenuation actions. unexpected hazard events and hazard evaluation from its concern. During this long procedure. we do happen many hints in internal control statement of PGB one-year study 2011 that PGB relies on many control mechanisms in its hazard direction to extenuate its fiscal hazard. As the gas processing and gas transmittal are the nucleus concern of PGB. PGB is covering with many long term undertakings such as Kimanis power works undertaking which is expected to be completed in the terminal of this twelvemonth or early of following twelvemonth and development of the LNG regasification works in Melaka. Hence. sophisticated and proper control mechanisms for PGB are really of import in guaranting that the undertakings are on path as expected without any liquidness jobs. Undertaking Risk Management ( PrisMa ) system can be considered as a critical control mechanism in PGB to guarantee efficient coverage and monitoring. It recorded all the utile information sing to the undertaking hazard direction like lessons learnt. independent reappraisals and hazard appraisals. In this PrisMa. undertaking directors are needed to update the position of their undertakings implemented and describe them to their several caput of division. After that. all the studies updated will be transferred to General Manager of the Technical and Facilities Development Division ( GM. TFDD ) every month. By making this. PGB able to measure the advancement of its undertakings and take immediate actions in order to cut down the hazard exposures involved. Undertaking hazard direction of PGB is closely related to its liquidness hazard direction because equal hard currency and hard currency equivalents are needed to cover the regular disbursals of the undertakings in long term. However. PGB is less likely to confront any liquidness jobs in its undertaking hazard direction as it is keeping sufficient hard currency and liquid marketable assets with aid from Project Risk Management ( PrisMa ) system. Furthermore. PGB’s hazard direction section ( RMD ) has besides developed in-house Growth Risk Matrix in back uping the determination devising in new concern ventures. In this Growth Risk Matrix. the hazard appraisals of new concern ventures will be listed in tabular array in order to gauge the possible inauspicious effects will be incurred. Besides. control mechanisms besides have been found in the recognition direction of PGB which is called as Petronas’s Credit Risk Rating System. The aims and maps of this system are to analyze the recognition worthiness of all the PGB’s external clients and assign recognition evaluation for them. Besides. information in the system will be updated every twelvemonth based on the latest fiscal place of its external clients. Therefore. PGB can detect the marks of fiscal hurt of its external clients at earlier phase and holding readying on such state of affairs and therefore cut down its recognition hazard involved. Besides. recog nition hazard study will be generated by PGB RMD on a monthly footing and it is wholly independent analysis with the Petronas’s Credit Risk Rating System. In the study. Credit Value at Risk ( CVaR ) . a measuring of possible loss from customers’s delinquent balances. will be compared with Credit Risk Tolerance bound ( CRTL ) in order to guarantee that CVaR is greater than CRTL. Unfortunately. PGB is till inefficient in its debitor direction with the increasing entire receivables past due more than 90 yearss from March 2011 to December 2012 as discussed earlier. Hence. PGB should develop a more specific control mechanism in debitor aggregation direction in order to cut down its recognition hazard. In pull offing counterparty hazard. Contractor Risk Assessment ( CoRA ) is an inevitable procedure to measure and measure the making of the contractor. PGB’s Project Supply Chain Management ( PSCM ) Department and PETRONAS Group Shared Material and Services Organization ( SMSO ) will carry on proficient and evaluation appraisal before award the contract to the contractor. As mentioned earlier. derived functions have been used by PGB in pull offing its foreign exchange hazard. PGB is come ining into Currency Exchange Agreement ( CEA ) . which is an embedded derivative contract with its parent company in order to fudge against the foreign exchange hazard between Yen and Ringgit Malaysia. In order to find how efficiency is PGB in pull offing its fiscal hazard. its rival. Shell Refining Company ( Shell ) will be used once more for comparing intent. In FYE 2011. both companies did non incur any critical losingss resulted from failings of internal control. For Shell. all the updates of company hazard profile. hazard reaction and actions taken. confidences are all documented in the Risk Register and Assurance Plan. However. specific control mechanisms can non be found in internal control statement of Shell. Shell is following a more traditional method in pull offing its fiscal and other hazard. On the other manus. PGB is evidently better in its hazard direction by holding different specific control mechanism to pull off different fiscal hazard involved. For case. Petronas’s Credit Risk Rating System is specially designed information system to pull off its recognition hazard. It indicates that the control mechanisms or information system of PGB in hazard direction is stronger and more efficient than Shell. Hence. it allows PGB to be more decisive and faster in doing a right determination when covering with fiscal hazard. B ) Performance measuring criterions Cardinal Performance Indicators ( KPI ) or Cardinal Success Indicators ( KSI ) helps an organisation to specify and mensurate advancement toward organisational ends. Besides. a KPI is besides can reflect the critical success factors of an organisation. PGB’s administration process has been introduced the administration of Health. Safety and Environment ( HSE ) as Cardinal Performance Indicators ( KPIs ) . They will be assessed based on the public presentation of their several businesses’ Fatal Accident Rate ( FAR ) . Lost Time Injury Frequency ( LTIF ) . Major Loss of Primary Containment ( LOPC ) incidents and major fires. The inclusion of these KPIs will assist drive betterments in PETRONAS’ procedure safety and capableness public presentation. For PGB. safety plays a really of import function as a cardinal forces country for the oil and gas industry since the accident happened in 2010 – Gulf of Mexico. They are committed to the highest safety and wellness criterions through the restructuring of Group Health. Safety and Environment Division ( GHSED ) to enable their Business Unit of measurements to hold greater answerability. They try to fastening and reexamining the procedures and processs in order to guarantee the hazards posed to people and the environment are minimized. and extenuating steps can be fleetly employed in the event of an incident. As good. the chief intent of GHSED is to heightening HSE public presentation in sequence to extinguish concern hazards and exposure and maintain consistence in the execution of HSE criterions and demands. As the specific KPI in PGB is limited. we decided to utilize other public presentation measuring criterions such as portion monetary value. hard currency flow and fiscal ratios to mensurate the public presentation of PGB. Share Price As mentioned in the one-year study. PGB is peculiarly attention about the shareholders’ involvement. Shareholders’ nonsubjective decidedly is increasing their wealth. In order to accomplish this aim. fiscal public presentation of the company is decidedly being the critical portion. This indicates that the PGB’s portions monetary value is the contemplation of the company’s fiscal public presentation in the perceptual experience of the stockholders. Hence. the absolute criterion of public presentation measuring is the portion monetary value. PGB used KLCI as the benchmark for this index. We could see this hint from the page 81 in one-year study. A better portions monetary value public presentation than KLCI would bespeak a better fiscal public presentation of the company. The ability to surpass KLCI is the testimony of investor assurance in PGB’s fiscal strength. operational public presentation and growing potency. Hence. portion monetary value could supply some steps on how is the company’s fiscal public presentation. During the period 1st Apr 2011 to 31st Dec 2011. PGB’s portion monetary value appreciated by 32 % while KLCI decreased by 1 % in the same period. Why portion monetary value increased? There are many replies. but most of the replies related to the PGB’s fiscal public presentation and future chance. As the cardinal analyst would utilize fiscal records of PGB to measure the PGB’s portions. the fiscal public presentation decidedly reflected in the portion monetary value. That’s why portion monetary value is the chief index. Cash Flow from Operating. Investing. and Financing Activities In one-year study page 168. it’s demoing the PGB’s direction made their segments’ public presentation appraisal based on operating net income or loss in amalgamate fiscal statement. This shows that PGB values their operating net income and uses it as public presentation index. However. operating net income might non reflect the liquidness public presentation such as debitor direction ; it would non be a good public presentation index. Cash flow would be a better index compared to net net income. The hard currency flow derived from the net net income and takes into history the liquidness direction consequence. The fluctuation of hard currency flow from twelvemonth to twelvemonth decidedly is the consequence of the company’s fiscal public presentation particularly in the liquidness public presentation. It besides reflects the consequence of PGB’s capital construction and working capital attack. Therefore. comparing every twelvemonth hard currency flow could supply the fiscal public presentation of PGB. For case. the twelvemonth to twelvemonth hard currency flow from funding activities could reflect how the alteration in funding cost was. This related to the PGB’s capital construction and provides indicant on the capital construction public presentation. Therefore. hard currency flow from these 3 activities can be the fiscal public presentation index. Financial Ratio In order to accomplish a better public presentation measurement criterion. we will utilize the mean ROE. ROTA and P/E ratio within the industry. The tabular array below is demoing the fiscal public presentation of all companies in the industry of oil and gas-refining and distribution. company| Market capital ( RM in 1000000s ) | ROE ( % ) | ROTA ( % ) | P/E ( times ) | PETGAS| 20. 961. 879| 12. 769| 10. 286| 32. 970| SHELL| 2760. 000| NIL| NIL| NIL|GASMSIA| 3299. 880| 11. 539| 5. 634| NIL|PETDAG| 20961. 879| 13. 750| 7. 770| 31. 780|ESSO| 893. 700| 17. 377| 6. 056| 5. 830|PENERGY| 315. 315| 1. 023| 0. 435| 91. 880|Average| | 13. 859| 7. 437| 23. 53| Beginning: OSK database based on the latest fiscal statements of the several companies Note1 ) SHELL will be excluded in ciphering all mean figures because the information is non available due the loss made in last FYE. 2 ) The ROE and ROTA of PENERGY which are highly low and P/E which is highly high in the industry will non be included to forestall the industry norm figures mislead by merely one company. 3 ) GASMSIA will be excluded in ciphering mean P/E ratio because the net incomes of its first FYE is still unknown since it has merely listed in the Bursa Malaysia. Return on Equity ( ROE ) Tax return on Equity = Net Income / Total EquityTax return on equity ( ROE ) measures a company’s profitableness by uncovering how good the company generated income by utilizing stockholders part. As company’s chief aim is to maximise stockholders equity. ROE provides an insight towards company’s net incomes derived from each dollar of investor equity. In the industry. ROE of PGB. 12. 769 % is somewhat lower than the mean ROE which is 13. 859 % . The chief ground is due to PGB rely to a great extent in equity funding instead than debt funding which explained earlier in its support direction. Hence. all the net incomes will be distributed out for a immense sum of equity which will take to a lower ROE of PGB. Hence. if the PGB able to raise financess from external adoptions which is lower cost in nature instead than equity. it would take to a lower cost of capital of PGB and therefore heighten the fiscal public presentation of PGB. Return on Total Assets ( ROTA ) Tax return on entire plus = Net Income / Total Net AssetROTA can be treated as an index of how efficaciously a company is using its entire net assets to bring forth returns before it pays its contractual duties. In industry. ROTA of PGB which is 10. 286 % is higher than the mean ROTA which is7. 437 % and it is besides the highest within its industry. It indicates that PGB is the most efficient company in bring forthing returns based on its entire net assets within the industry. The chief ground likely is due to its all clip high turnover of RM3. 525 million in FYE 2011. Price per Earnings Ratio ( P/E ) P/E Ratio = Price per Share/ Earnings per ShareP/E ratio is the most common method in valuing a company used by the investors and fiscal analyst. P/E is besides referred as the â€Å"price multiple† . as it bespeaking by how much investors are willing to pay per dollar of net incomes. Basically. the higher the P/E. the higher growing of return investor expected from the company for each dollar they invested. The P/E ratio of PGB which is 32. 970 times is higher than the mean industry P/E ratio which is 23. 53 times. It merely means that investors willing to pay 32. 97 times for every RM earned by PGB. Besides. a higher than mean P/E ratio besides indicates that investors are anticipating PGB able to execute better than other companies in the hereafter. Net incomes per Share ( EPS ) EPS = ( Net income – Preferred Dividend ) / No. of Share Outstanding The comparing of EPS within the oil and gas-refining and distribution industry is non available in OSK database. However. EPS is one of the of import indexs in mensurating a company’s fiscal public presentation. Hence. we will compare the EPS of PGB with the Shell from FYE 2009 to 2011. PGB| SHELL| 2011| 2011| 2010| 2009| 2011| 2010| 2009|54. 6 cents| 72. 7 cents| 47. 6 cents | 46. 9 cents | -41. 9 cents | 35. 5 cents | 96. 6 cents | By and large. the higher the EPS ratio. the better company public presentation compared to old period. From the tabular array above showed that EPS of PGB has increased year-on-year from FYE 2009 to FYE 2011. This could be largely due to the better direction of their operating costs. decreased by 15. 0 % from RM2. 043. 5 million in FYE 2010 to RM1. 737. 8 million in FYE 2011. The reduced of RM305. 7 million was due to cut down of 23. 7 % for operating cost incurred for the throughput services. On the other manus. SHELL’s EPS has decrease year-on-year and generate 41. 9 loss per RM1 unit of portion ( sen ) in FYE 2011. This may chiefly due to additions in the planetary petroleum monetary values following supply restriction as a consequence of the Japan energy crisis and middle-east geopolitical tensenesss. caused an increased in cost of gross revenues by 11 % year-on-year from RM10. 2 billion in FYE 2010 to RM11. 3 billion in FYE 2011. [ 2 ] . Kamarul Yunus. N2012. ‘Petronas Gas fired up on power plants’ potential’ . Business Times. May 16. viewed on 20th 2012.

Case Study The Lego Group Working With Strategy

Main Feature of Organization, Strategic Products and Current Mission The Lego Group is a toy-manufacturing company which is based in Billund, Denmark. The company was founded as a family organization in the year 1932, by Ole Kirk Christian. Today, the company stands high as a global player in the world of toys, among other strategic entertainment products (LeGoff 557).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Case Study: The Lego Group Working With Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Initially, Lego started as a manufacturer of ironing boards, toys, stepladders, and stools. Among these products, the wooden toys have been the best selling items, thus according the firm a strong reputation in the entertainment business. By the year 1949, the firm started manufacturing early versions of the popular LEGO plastic bricks and this was a strategic approach by the organisation, considering the fact that plastics had jus t greeted the markets as a new material (Simoes and Dibb 219). However, the outcome was not what the company managers had anticipated, since the public was a bit hesitant in accepting the new material. The company would rapidly gain popularly in most parts of the world, as a result of progressive development of its products. For instance, the basic bricks were sustained with extra figures and features, in a manner that diversified the playing opportunities for children. The company’s sales and profit scales were rapidly taking a positive charge between 1950 and 1970. However, the period between 1970 and 1990 proved to be a difficult moment for the company, owing to the serious economical implications that greeted the world then, following the oil crisis of the time. In the course of this era and the period that followed afterwards, the Lego Group underwent serious fluctuations, due to a number of reasons which included; rapid change in the business environment witnessed at th e time, complications in logistic matters and financial control, and the extended times that would be required to run into the future plans of the company. Among the many problems which threatened to shake the firm’s potential, was the issue of the rising competition from much bigger companies such as Hasbro and Mattel (Hicks 41). Other new firms such as Sony, Activision, and Nintendo, who had just ventured the scene with more advanced electronic products, also posed great challenge to the productivity of the Group. In this regard, the company’s only survival option in the competitive market was to adopt a strategic development plan that would see it come up with new and more exciting products. According to Claus, Riggs Sekeran, the toy company enjoys a wide range of products that are fit for children of all ages (71).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thes e products are grouped in various categories, and some of the latest developments include video gaming, pre-school products, play themes, bricks, licensed products, and educational-based products for children, just to mention but a few. This is a clear indication of how the company has managed to remain high in the current competitive business of toy products. The Lego Group was actively been involved in several turnaround attempts for the better part of 1990s and in the early 2000s, but with little success. No one could have foretold a possible solution to the progressive issues which appeared to claim the company, until towards the end of the year 2004, when a glimpse of hope shone onto the firm. It was in the course of this period when the company’s serving CEO, Kjeld, took on more involvement in strategies that helped to identify the factors responsible for the company’s downsizing. This helped in the design of effective strategies that would eventually see the fir m come back on track. The design and implementation of these strategies was based on the company’s organization, management and business expectation plans. This involved the replacement of over three quarters of the senior management team with a new batch. Other strategies would be centered on the firm’s operational systems, among other key interventions. For instance, a thorough revision was carried out on the cost and the supply chain operations of the company, and major changes were inflicted on the sectors right away. More importantly, the Lego Group had realized that working alone would not take them anywhere, and this would see them cooperate with licensing partners in the widely acclaimed gaming sector. These interventions were sustained with a progressive development of the company’s products, to fit the demands of the modern era. The company has shown steady advancements lately, as a result of these interventions. The climax of this success was realized in the 2008-2009 financial year, which saw the company registering the biggest rate of growth in sales and profits, since the year 1981. With these positive outcomes, there can’t be any doubts that the Lego Group is now back to its place in the development of children’s creativity, after several years of financial loss and failure (Irani, Sharif Love 59). The objective of the company is to develop innovative products to meet the expansive consumer requirements, as they occur in the market.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Case Study: The Lego Group Working With Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As part of their recovery strength, the Group has reclaimed its position in the global listings, where it is ranked among the top five toy companies, with an approximate value of 4.8 percent in market shares. Lego’s success can also be associated with their mission, which aims at inspiri ng the current generation of children to be able to explore and challenge their own potential in creativity (Stacey 79). This has been achieved through the group’s brand values, which are tailored on aspects meant to bring a significant impact on children. Some of these aspects would include things such as quality, imagination, fun, creativity, caring, and learning. Internal and External Environments of the Lego Group Lego group is a good example of the international companies that have managed to balance the nature and constraints of the internal and external environments, to make a notable difference in the current competitive world of business. From the perspective of various reports about the company, it is apparent how the toy company has reacted in adapting and utilizing the potential offered by its internal resources, in meeting the demands of its external environment. According to Dyllick, Thomas Hockerts, the company’s current strategic development has been a chieved through the focused leadership of its former CEO, Kjeld Kirk (139). A better part of this success however, has been reached upon through the feedback which had been received regarding the internal competencies of the firm and its external operating systems. Internal Environment – SWOT Value Change of the Company A major tool that can be used to assess the overall potential of a firm is the SWOT analysis structure, which stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. A SWOT analysis basically considers two main parts; a company’s inward elements which normally constitutes of its strengths and weaknesses, and the attempts to consider the way these factors would come to fit against the external aspects of an organisation’s threats and opportunities. Strengths The company’s key strengths are commonly associated with its constant ability to apply the concept of brand recognition in all its products and services, without having to comprom ise their core values. The company also maintains a close mutual relationship with its suppliers and retailers, and this gives it a powerful business advantage over its rivals in the industry. The toy market is an industry bulging with a big number of competent players, but Lego’s products and services are the most preferred by majority of the people in the world (Oliver and Roos 911). This is due to their effective leadership in the development of a wide range of children products that have been praised for quality and originality. The newest products by the company are real manifestation of how the power of innovation applies, in meeting their goals and objectives in business.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Brand heritage is another strength which has succeeded at keeping the company ahead of its rivals in the industry (Hatch and Schultz 597). This is evident in how the company’s products are manufactured to fit in their brand values, which are aimed at making a significant impact on the lives of children all over the world. Weaknesses Lego’s weaknesses in business can be observed through a number of ways. For instance, even though there have been serious attempts by the company to diversify its products, the company has been poor in technology and IT related matters compared to other competitors, who have fully embraced the power of technology in making their products more enticing to the users in the new media age (Schau 43). Lego Group has also been operating through large toy retailers, and this has been one of their biggest drawbacks in the market. The large retailers are effective marketing outlets, but they normally operate on high costs and this is likely to depri ve the company of substantial amounts of money in profits. More importantly, the company has failed to understand the marketing concepts which are in line with their consumers all over the world. In other words, Lego group seems to be lacking full understanding of their consumer preferences in the market, and due to this lack of a strategic fit, they have often ended up losing more sales to their competitors in the market, who are well informed of the consumer needs regarding toys and gaming products. It is also apparent that, Lego Group lacks the ability to effectively translate potential strengths into implemented strategies. This actually explains the company’s gradual response to financial and management issues, among other problems which have affected the company previously (Hà ¶lzl 39). Opportunities Threats The company’s notable opportunities and threats can be linked together as key aspects which the company can utilize in achieving its goals and mission in t he toy business. According to Schultz and Hatch, while the company has been widely acclaimed all over the world for its production of toys and other children products, there has been a decline in the sales of its traditional toys which constitutes the largest part of their products, due to the increasing attention of children on devices from other companies, that are more electronic (21). The other biggest threat of the group is the growing number of giant competitors, who are utilizing every opportunity possible to thrive in the industry, thus making it one of the most competitive sectors in the world (Johnson 11). However, Lego Group has always seen these threats as opportunities for further developments in business. New developments and increase on products has always remained the biggest opportunity to the company. More importantly, as a result of the rapid competition in the market, the company has managed to come up with numerous categories of products, a key strategy which ha s enabled it to be able to meet the needs of children in the modern era of technology. External Environment – PESTEL, Porter Five Forces Porter’s five forces analysis is observed to have a significant impact on a business, in relation to elements of the external environment (Michael 13). These forces include level of rivalry, power of suppliers, threat of entrants, power of buyers, and threat of substitutes. Each of these five forces is considered individually in assessing and analysing the external environment of the company in this case. Level of rivalry The level of rivalry is quite intense and strong for the Lego Group. While it is clear that the company enjoys a strong position in the industry, with relatively few giant competitors, it should be considered that they are taking part in a broader market of toy production, which also includes key players in the electronic sector, such as Sony and Nintendo, among others (Martin 84). Power of suppliers The company, who se main products are largely based on standardised inputs, has an average power of suppliers. However, it should be noted that, the power of suppliers is likely to go up, in case the company decides to major in more sophisticated areas of productions, such as games or films. Power of buyers The power of buyers is relatively high for the Lego Group, with minimal costs between alternative products. Threat of entrants As it would be expected, the toy product industry normally requires huge investments of time and money, in a number of ways that include things such as business capital, research funds, and development costs. All these serve as obstacles to entry in the industry, thus restricting the number of new entrants in the sector. In that case, there is a relatively low threat of new entrants in the wider entertainment market, and this offers the Lego Group a much stronger bargaining power over majority of its competitors in the market. Threat of substitutes This is arguably one of the biggest threats facing the entertainment product company today. Even though the company is said to have developed electronic products such as video and games, there is still evidence that some of the company’s products are still made in the traditional form. This has the meaning that, the company is faced by a big threat, given that users are likely to substitute between traditional toy and gaming products through to the ones that are made into electronic features. Power Interest Matrix of the Lego Group It is also apparent that the Lego group has touched many people with its products and services in the entertainment sector. Through the engagement of the right people in its management and productivity systems, the company has made a big success in its mission and objectives in business (Beal 29). As it would be observed in the above internal and external analyses, the company has tried to implement a number of strategies, in order to influence and attract people on thei r products. Through these interventions, the company has successfully managed to impact a large number of people from all over the world, with both electronic and alternative traditional products for children entertainment. Among other key players in the market, the company has a high interest on its stakeholders and the community. The firm recognises these as the people who play the greatest role in helping them achieve their business goal and for that reason it treats them with much respect. Both the shareholders and the people from the diverse community have a positive impact to the company’s financial interest and what motivates them most is to get nothing less of the best from the company. In that respect, the Lego group is fully engaged in putting the necessary efforts which are needed to satisfy these significant groups. New Strategic Directions for the Organization The Lego group is arguably one of the most successful companies in the toy manufacturing industry. Throu gh a wise interaction of its internal and external systems, sustained by the effective management, the company has gained a sustainable competitive advantage over many of its rivals in the market. However, there are numerous strategic directions which the product company can utilize, to be able to maintain a more sustainable competitive advantage over its rivals. The Lego Group may have amassed great reputation and success in the entertainment sector, but changing the company into an all-time winner in the global toy market is something that would require much effort, from the company (Schroeder 54). Some of these efforts would tend to involve numerous aspects of strategic management, whose significance in business has often been underestimated. Some of the strategic directions which the company can incorporate in its operation systems would include; a focus on international opportunities, expansion of digital systems and strategies, constant focus on cost, expansion of target marke ts, widening of product range, and focus on effective online distribution strategies. The Lego Group may have made significant attempts in trying to incorporate some of these strategies in their routine business operations, but there is still room for improvement which can be achieved by revising these strategies over and over, to eliminate all the problems which continue to pose a big challenge to the company’s productivity and accountability in children’s toy and entertainment products (Morgan 45). For instance, the company should focus on the many opportunities provided by the international community and try to utilize them effectively. A good way of achieving this goal is by ensuring that the toy products are manufactured and distributed in all regions of the world, where they are needed most by families, as a key engagement for their little ones. It should also be considered that, things are changing with the times nowadays and in that respect, expansion of digita l systems and strategies is very crucial for the development of the company to fit in the demands of the modern era, which is defined by technology (Cooper 75). To be able to comply fully with this call of modernity, the company should try to ensure that all their products are made into electronic features, to fit the growing demands of technology (Laudon and Traver 18). It is also necessary for the company to make a constant focus on cost matters, to ensure that there is a two-sided benefit between the producer and the consumers. More importantly, there is also the need for the Lego Group to conduct extensive research on new developments to widen its product range. Through a corporate level strategy aimed at increasing international coverage and product diversity, the company would be certain to realize more sales and profits out of its toy products. The company should also consider the vast potential business opportunities that are offered by the upcoming trend of e-commerce, and try to utilise these online mediums as effective distribution channels for their wide range of products. Apart from these strategies, the Lego Group should also try to make good use of other strategic tools in today’s dynamic business world, such as important business information that would provide them with good lessons on how to achieve and uphold a sustainable competitive advantage in business affairs. All these strategies, sustained with the magical touch of an effective organizational management style are likely to bear promising results in the future operations of the company. Works Cited Beal, Reginald. Competitive Advantage: Sustainable or Temporary in Today’s Dynamic  Environment? Tallahassee, Florida: School of Business and Industry, 2001. Print. Cooper, Robert. â€Å"New products: the factors that drive success.† International Marketing  Review 11. 1 (1994): 60-76. Print. Claus Brian, Riggs Neil Sekeran Hari. Development of a low cost instruction al  platform for submersible design: Electrical and Computer Engineering. New York: IEEE, 2009. Print. Dyllick, Thomas Hockerts Kai. â€Å"Beyond the business case for corporate sustainability.† Business Strategy and the Environment 11 (2002): 130-141. Print. Hatch, Mary and Schultz, Majken. â€Å"Toward a theory of brand co-creation with implications for brand governance.† Journal of Brand Management 17. 8 (2010): 590-604. Print. Hicks, Mark. â€Å"Collaborate to innovate?: getting fresh small company thinking into big company innovation.† Interactions 17. 3 (2010): 39-43. Print. Hà ¶lzl, Werner. The evolutionary theory of the firm:Routines, complexity and change. Vienna: Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration, 2005. Print. Irani Zahir, Sharif Amir Love Peter. â€Å"Transforming failure into success through organisational learning: an analysis of a manufacturing information system.†Ã‚  European Journal of Information Systems 10. 1 (2001): 55-66. Print. Johnson, Whittington. Exploring Strategy. Harlow: Pearsons Education, 2011. Print. Laudon, Kenneth and Traver, Caroh. E-Commerce Business, Technology, Society. Boston: Adison Wesley, 2008. Print. LeGoff, Daniel. â€Å"Use of LEGO as a therapeutic medium for improving social competence.† Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 34. 5 (2004): 557-571. Print. Martin, Fred. Circuits to control: Learning engineering by designing LEGO robots. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. Print. Michael, Porter. Commerce Strategy. Boston: Freepress, 2004. Print. Morgan, Gareth. Images of Organisations. London: Sage Publications, 2006. Print. Oliver, David and Roos, Johan. â€Å"Decision-making in high-velocity environments: The importance of guiding principles.† Organization Studies 26. 6 (2005): 889-913. Print. Schau, Hope. â€Å"How brand community practices create value.† Journal of Marketing 73. 5 (2009): 30-51. Print. Schroed er, Jonathan. Brand culture. United Kingdom: Taylor Francis Publishers, 2006. Print. Schultz, Majken and Hatch, Mary. â€Å"A cultural perspective on corporate branding.† Brand  culture 13. 5 (2006): 17-26. Print. Simoes, Claudia and Dibb Sally. â€Å"Rethinking the brand concept: new brand orientation.† Corporate Communications: An International Journal 6. 4 (2001): 217-224. Print. Stacey, Ralph. Strategic Management and Organisational Dynamics. London: Pitman Publishing, 1993. Print. This case study on Case Study: The Lego Group Working With Strategy was written and submitted by user Skyler Miles to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Teach Private English Lessons Successfully

How to Teach Private English Lessons Successfully Teaching one-to-one can help improve your teaching salary, and give you some flexibility in scheduling. Of course, teaching one-to-one has its drawbacks as well. Heres a quick rundown on the art of teaching English one-to-one, as well as some strategies and tips to help you get started or improve your  one-to-one teaching skills. Before You Get Started Before you begin teaching  one-to-one youll need to do a needs analysis to be effective. Performing a needs analysis for a new student can be a simple as having a conversation about what the student would like to cover, or as complicated as asking the student to fill out a questionnaire. However you go about delivering your needs analysis, understand that many students dont necessarily know what their needs are. English learners who havent studied in an academic setting for years might say something along the lines of I need to learn English. and leave it at that. Here are the basic questions and tasks you should ask or perform for a basic English learning needs analysis for  one-to-one teaching: Doing a Needs Analysis Have a short conversation in English to warm things up. If you speak the local language you might want to begin in the learners native tongue, but switch to English as soon as possible. This will give you a feel for the basic level. Ask why the English learner wishes to have  one-to-one teaching. If she is hesitant, make suggestions: work, travel, general interest in learning the global language of choice, etc. Based on the answer to this question, dig a little deeper. If your  one-to-one client wants to learn English for work, ask about specific tasks they need to perform in English (feel free to switch language if you speak it). If the client wants to improve English for travel, find out where they are traveling, what they plan to do there, etc. Ask if theyve studied English before. When was the last time they studied? Have they ever taken a test such as the TOEFL, FCE, etc.? Provide a quick listening and reading comprehension exercise to get a feel for their comprehension skills and vocabulary. If possible use the Internet to fish something out based on their responses to your previous questions. The closer you get to their interests, the better youll understand their true comprehension capabilities. Provide a short writing task if they need English for work or studies. If possible, give them a quick grammar review quiz. Planning One-to-One Lessons Once youve provided a needs analysis, you can decide on specific outcomes for your lessons. State clearly what you expect your one-to-one student will be able to do by the end of your sessions together. Once the student understands the specific goals youve outlined, and agreed to these goals, planning your lessons will become much easier. Make sure these outcomes are specific. Here are some examples: Instead of Improve listening skills: Improve comprehension skills at conferences by focusing on language commonly used in presentations.Instead of Improve grammar: Improve grammar in written communications such as emails and memos. Focus on better use of tenses to describe past situations, etc.Instead of Practice English for travel: Become comfortable with a wide range of expected shopping experiences. The bottom line is that the more specific you can make your lessons to the individual learner, the happier your  one-to-one students will be. Eventually, this will lead to lots of referrals. Advantages of One to One English Teaching One-to-one  teaching can take place based on your schedule. Youll develop an extensive understanding of tailoring lesson to individual needs. You can also focus on the type of learning that best fits students learning styles (i.e. multiple intelligences are much easier to teach in a  one-to-one setting) Referrals - if you do well, people will be asking for you. Most importantly: you can make better earnings than most language schools can offer. Disadvantages of One-to-One English Teaching Students might cancel at the last second. Make sure you create some rules (i.e. cancellations must occur at least 24 hrs before scheduled lessons) that will protect both your time and the goals of the student. Also, you might have to travel all over town if you decide to provide one to one teaching at places of work/home. This may have its own set of costs. One-to-one  teaching is illegal in some countries (South Korea, for example) and some schools frown on  one-to-one teaching on your own. Learn the rules ahead of time to save yourself a headache!

Managing finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing finance - Essay Example As can be seen from the above table, Option 1 has a positive Net present Value at a discount rate of 10%, and negative NPVs at 20 and 25%. Option 2 has negative NPVs for all discount rates considered. Option 3 has positive NPVs for all the discount rates considered. The Internal Rate of return (IRR) is the rate at which the NPV is equal to 0.This rate can be determined by interpolating between two rates, one of which has a positive NPV and the other a negative NPV. Note: The NPV for all discount rates applied in the case of option 2 are negative. Hence the NPV corresponding to the lowest rate (10%) is used along with the undiscounted (i.e. 0% discount rate) cash flows to interpolate and arrive at the IRR. Various financial metrics are used to evaluate the feasibility of a project. Some of the popular metrics in use include the Payback Period, the Net Present Value (NPV) and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Payback period is one of the simplest methods for assessing the feasibility of a project and can be calculated quickly. The Payback period is the number of years it takes to recover the investment made in a project, and is calculated by interpolating between the two consecutive years when the cumulative cash flows from the project are respectively below and above the investment made. Suppose an investment of 100,000 results in cash flows of 20,000, 30,000, 40,000 and 50,000 in four years. The cumulative cash flows are 20,000, 50,000, 90,000 and 140,000. It is clear that the investment of 100,000 is recovered in the fourth year. The actual figure of payback period is calculated by interpolation between the last two figures. The disadvantage of the payback period is that it fails to take in account the time value of money. Time value of money arises from the fact that cash received at an earlier point in time is more valuable than the same amount of cash received at a later point in time. If one were to invest